Abramovich, C., N. Pineault, H. Ohta and R. K. Humphries. 2005. Hox genes: From leukemia to hematopoietic stem cell expansion. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1044:109–116.
PubMed Link
Abzhanov, A. and T. C. Kaufman. 1999. Novel regulation of the homeotic gene Scr associated with a crustacean leg-to-maxilliped appendage transformation. Development 126: 1121–1128.
PubMed Link
Abzhanov, A., M. Protas, B. R. Grant, P. R. Grant and C. J. Tabin. 2004. Bmp4and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin’s finches. Science 305: 1462–1465.
PubMed Link
Abzhanov, A., W. P. Kuo, C. Hartmann, P. R. Grant, R. Grant and C. Tabin. 2006. The calmodulin pathway and evolution of beak morphology in Darwin’s finches. Nature 442: 563–567.
PubMed Link
Alberch, P. 1989. The logic of monsters: Evidence for internal constraints in development and evolution. Geobios (Lyon) mémoires spécial 12: 21–57.
Amundson, R. 1994. Two concepts of constraint: Adaptationism and the challenge from developmental biology. Phil. Sci. 61: 556–578.
Amundson, R. 2005. The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought: The Roots of Evo-Devo. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Anway, M. D., A. S. Cupp, M. Uzumcu and M. K. Skipper. 2005. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science308: 1466–1469.
PubMed Link
Anway, M. D., C. Leathers and M. K. Skinner. 2006a. Endocrine disruptor vinclozolin induced epigenetic transgenerational adult-onset disease.Endocrinology 147: 5515–5523.
PubMed Link
Anway, M. D., M. A. Memon, M. Uzumcu and M. K. Skinner. 2006b. Transgenerational effect of the endocrine disruptor vinclozolin on male spermatogenesis. J. Andrology 27: 868–879.
PubMed Link
Arthur, W. 2004. Biased Embryos and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Aubret, F. and R. Shine. 2009. Genetic assimilation and the postcolonization erosion of phenotypic plasticity in island tiger snakes. Curr. Biol. 19: 1932–1936.
PubMed Link
Ball, E. E., D. C. Hayward, R. Saint and D. J. Miller. 2004. A simple plan: Cnidarians and the origins of developmental mechanisms. Nature Rev. Genet. 5: 567–577.
PubMed Link
Bateson, W. 1894. Materials for the Study of Variation. Macmillan, London.
Bhullar, B. A., J. Marugán-Lobón, F. Racimo, G. S. Bever, T. B. Rowe, M. A. Norell and A. Abzhanov. 2012. Birds have paedomorphic dinosaur skulls. Nature 487: 223–236.
PubMed Link
Bonner, J. T. 1988. The Evolution of Complexity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Brakefield, P. M. and 7 others. 1996. Development, plasticity, and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns. Nature 384: 236–242.
PubMed Link
Burdge, G. C., J. Slater-Jefferies, C. Torrens, E. S. Phillips, M. A. Hanson and K. A. Lillycrop. 2007. Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats in the F0 generation induces altered methylation of hepatic gene promoters in the adult male offspring in the F1 and F2 generations. Brit. J. Nutrit. 97: 435–439.
PubMed Link
Burke, A. C. 1989. Development of the turtle carapace: Implications for the evolution of a novel bauplan. J. Morphol. 199: 363–378.
Burnet, B., K. Connolly and B. Harrison. 1973. Phenocopies of pigmentary and behavioural effects of the Yellow mutant in Drosophila induced by a-dimethyltyrosine. Science 181: 1059–1060.
Carroll, S. B. 2008. Evo-devo and an expanding evolutionary synthesis: A genetic theory of morphological evolution. Cell 134: 25–36.
PubMed Link
Carroll, S. B., J. K. Grenier and S. D. Weatherbee. 2005. From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design, 2nd Ed. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Cebra-Thomas, J. and 8 others. 2005. How the turtle forms its shell: A paracrine hypothesis of carapace formation. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 304: 558–569.
PubMed Link
Chan, Y. F. and 15 others. 2010. Adaptive evolution of pelvic reduction in sticklebacks by recurrent deletion of a Pitx1 enhancer. Science 327: 302–305.
PubMed Link
Charrier, C. and 10 others. 2012. Inhibition of SRGAP2 function by its human-specific paralogs induces neoteny during spine maturation. Cell 149: 923–935.
PubMed Link
Chow, K. L. and K. W. Chan. 1999. Stress-induced phenocopy of C. elegansdefines functional steps of sensory organ differentiation. Dev. Growth Diff. 41: 629–637.
PubMed Link
Christodoulou, F. and 9 others. 2010. Ancient animal microRNAs and the evolution of tissue identity. Nature 463: 1084–1088.
PubMed Link
Colosimo, P. F., C. L. Peichel, K. Nereng, B. K. Blackman, M. D. Shapiro, D. Schluter and D. M. Kingsley. 2004. The genetic architecture of parallel armor plate reduction in threespine sticklebacks. PLOS Biol. 2: 635–641.
PubMed Link
Cooper, L. N. 2010. Evolution and Development of Cetacean Appendages. Ph.D. thesis, Kent State University.
Crews, D. and 7 others. 2007. Transgenerational epigenetic imprints on mate preference. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 5942–5946.
PubMed Link
Crews, D., R. Gillette, S. V. Scarpino, M. Manikkam, M. I. Savenkova and M. K. Skinner. 2012. Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of altered stress responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 9143–9148.
PubMed Link
Cubas, P., C. Vincent and E. Coen. 1999. An epigenetic mutation responsible for natural variation in floral symmetry. Nature 401: 157–161.
PubMed Link
Damen, W. G. 2002. Fushi tarazu: A Hox gene changes its role. BioEssays 24: 992–995.
PubMed Link
Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray, London.
Darwin, C. 1868. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. John Murray, London.
Dennis, M. Y. and 15 others. 2012. Evolution of human-specific neural SRGAP2 genes by incomplete segmental duplication. Cell 149: 912–922.
PubMed Link
Erwin, D. H. 1999. The origin of bodyplans. Am. Zool. 39: 617–629.
Finnerty. J. R., K. Pang, P. Burton, D. Paulson and M. Q. Martindale. 2004. Origins of bilateral symmetry: Hox and Dpp expression in a sea anemone.Science 304: 1335–1337.
PubMed Link
Franz-Odendaal, T. A. and B. K. Hall. 2006. Modularity and sense organs in the blind cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus. Evol. Dev. 8: 94–100.
PubMed Link
Galant, R. and S. B. Carroll. 2002. Evolution of a transcriptional repression domain in an insect Hox protein. Nature 415: 910–913.
PubMed Link
Galis, F. 1999. Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes, and cancer. J. Exp. Zool./Mol. Dev. Evol. 285: 19–26.
PubMed Link
Galis, F. and 7 others. 2006. Extreme selection against homeotic transformations of cervical vertebrae in humans. Evolution 60: 2643–2654.
Galis, F. and J. A. Metz. 2001. Testing the vulnerability of the phylotypic stage: On modularity and evolutionary conservation. J. Exp. Zool./Mol. Dev. Evol. 291: 195–204.
PubMed Link
Gao, F. and E. H. Davidson. 2008. Transfer of a large gene regulatory apparatus to a new developmental address in echinoid evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008 105: 6091–6096.
PubMed Link
Garson, J., L. Wang and S. Sarkar. 2003. How development may direct evolution. Biol. Philos. 18: 353–370.
Garstang, W. 1922. The theory of recapitulation: A critical restatement of the biogenetic law. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 35: 81–101.
Geschwind, D. H. and G. Konopka. 2012. Neuroscience: Genes and human brain evolution. Nature 486: 481–482.
PubMed Link
Gibson, G. and D. S. Hogness. 1996. Effect of polymorphism in the Drosophila regulatory gene Ultrabithorax on homeotic stability. Science 271: 200–203.
PubMed Link
Gilbert, S. F. 1996. Cellular dialogues in organogenesis. In M. E. Martini-Neri, G. Neri and J. M. Opitz (eds.), Gene Regulation and Fetal Development: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Fetal Genetic Pathology1993. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 1–12.
Gilbert, S. F. and D. Epel. 2009. Ecological Developmental Biology: Integrating Epigenetics, Medicine, and Evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Gilbert, S. F. and D. Epel. 2015. Ecological Developmental Biology: The Environmental Regulation of Development, Health, and Evolution, 2nd Ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Gilbert, S. F., J. M. Opitz and R. A. Raff. 1996. Resynthesizing evolutionary and developmental biology. Dev. Biol. 173: 357–372.
PubMed Link
Goldschmidt, R. B. 1938. Physiological Genetics. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Gomez, C., E. M. Ozbudak, J. Wunderlich, D. Baumann, J. Lewis and O. Pourquié. 2008. Control of segment number in vertebrate embryos. Nature 454: 335–339.
PubMed Link
Gould, S. J. 1977. Ever Since Darwin. W. W. Norton, New York.
Gould, S. J. 1977. Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Grant, P. R. and B. R. Grant. 2008. How and Why Species Multiply. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Halder, G., P. Callaerts and W. J. Gehring. 1995. Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila. Science 267: 1788–1792.
PubMed Link
Hall, B. K. 1999. Evolutionary Developmental Biology, 2nd Ed. Kluwer, Boston.
Haygood, R., C. C. Babbitt, O. Fedrigo and G. A. Wray. 2010. Contrasts between adaptive coding and noncoding changes during human evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 7853–7857.
PubMed Link
Hiyama, A., W. Taira and J. M. Otaki. 2012. Color-pattern evolution in response to environmental stress in butterflies. Front. Genet. 3:15.
PubMed Link
Hockman, D., C. J. Cretekos, M. K. Mason, R. R. Behringer, D. S. Jacobs and N. Illing. 2008. A second wave of Sonic hedgehog expression during the development of the bat limb. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 16982–16987.
PubMed Link
Holder, N. 1983. Developmental constraints and the evolution of vertebrate limb patterns. J. Theor. Biol. 104: 451–471.
PubMed Link
Holley, S., P. D. Jackson, Y. Sasai, B. Lu, E. M. De Robertis, F. M. Hoffmann and E. L. Ferguson. 1995. A conserved system for dorsal-ventral patterning in insects and vertebrates involving sog and chordin. Nature 376: 249–253.
PubMed Link
Hughes, C. L. and T. C. Kaufman. 2002. Hox genes and the evolution of the arthropod body plan. Evo. Dev. 4: 459–499.
PubMed Link
Hunt, T. and 15 others. 2007. A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science 318: 1913–1916.
PubMed Link
Huxley, J. 1942. Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. Allen and Unwin, London, p. 8.
Huxley, T. 1893. Darwiniana: Collected Essays, Vol. II. Macmillan & Co., London.
Huxley, T. H. 1857. Letter of July 7, 1857, quoted in W. E. Friedman and P. K. Dingle, Charles Darwin and the Origin of Plant Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Plant Cell 23: 1194 –1207.
Jablonka, E. and G. Raz. 2009. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity. Q. Rev. Biol. 84: 131–176.
PubMed Link
Jacob, F. 1977. Evolution and tinkering. Science 196: 1161–1166.
PubMed Link
Jirtle, R. L. and M. K. Skinner. 2007. Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. Nature Rev. Genet. 8: 253–262.
PubMed Link
King, M. C. and A. C. Wilson. 1975. Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188: 107–116.
PubMed Link
King, R. C. and W. D. Stanfield. 1985. A Dictionary of Genetics, 3rd Ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kirschner, M. and J. Gerhart. 2005. The Plausibility of Life. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Kmita, M. F., F. van der Hoeven, J. Zákány, R. Krumlauf and D. Duboula. 2000. Mechanisms of Hox gene colinearity: Transposition of the anterior Hoxb-1 gene into the posterior HoxD complex. Genes Dev. 14: 198–211.
PubMed Link
Kmita, M. F., N. Frandeau, Y. Hérault and D. Duboule. 2002. Serial deletions and duplications suggest a mechanism for the collinearity of Hoxd genes in limbs. Nature 420: 145–150.
PubMed Link
Kowalevsky, A. 1871. Weitere Studien II. Die Entwicklung der einfachen Ascidien. Arch. Micr. Anat. 7: 101–130.
Kuratani, S. 2009. Modularity, comparative embryology and evo-devo: Developmental dissection of body plans. Dev. Biol. 332: 61–69.
PubMed Link
Larrain, J., M. Oelgeschlager, N. I. Ketpura, B. Reversade, L. Zakin and E. M. De Robertis. 2001. Proteolytic cleavage of Chordin as a switch for the dual activities of Twisted gastrulation in BMP signaling. Development 128: 4439–4447.
PubMed Link
Laufer, E. and 7 others. 1997. The Radical fringe expression boundary in the limb bud ectoderm regulates AER formation. Nature 386: 366–367.
Locascio, A., M. Manjanares, M. J. Blanco and M. A. Nieto. 2002. Modularity and reshuffling of Snail and Slug expression during vertebrate evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 16841–16846.
PubMed Link
Loredo, G. A. and 11 others. 2001. Development of an evolutionarily novel structure: Fibroblast growth factor expression in the carapacial ridge of turtle embryos. J. Exp. Zool. 291: 274–281.
PubMed Link
Lynch, M. and J. S. Conery. 2000. The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes. Science 290: 1151–1155.
PubMed Link
Lynch, V. J., A. Tanzer, Y. Wang, F. C. Leung, B. Gelelrsen, D. Emera and G. P. Wagner. 2008. Adaptive changes in the transcription factor HoxA-11 are essential for the evolution of pregnancy in mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105: 14928–14933.
PubMed Link
Lynch, V. J., J. J. Roth, K. Takahashi, C. W. Dunn, D. F. Nonaka, G. F. Stopper and G. P. Wagner, 2004. Adaptive evolution of HoxA-11 and HoxA-13 at the origin of the uterus in mammals. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271: 2201–2207.
PubMed Link
Malicki, J., L. C. Cianetti, C. Peschle and W. McGinnis. 1992. Human HOX4Bregulatory element provides head-specific expression in Drosophila embryos.Nature 358: 345–347.
PubMed Link
Mallarino, R., O. Campàs, J. A. Fritz, K. J. Burns, O. G. Weeks, M. P. Brenner and A. Abzhanov. 2012. Closely related bird species demonstrate flexibility between beak morphology and underlying developmental programs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 16222–16227.
PubMed Link
Mallarino, R., P. R. Grant, B. R. Grant, A. Herrel, W. P. Kuo and A. Abzhanov. 2011. Two developmental modules establish 3D beak-shape variation in Darwin's finches. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108: 4057–4062.
PubMed Link
McNamara, K. J. and J. Long. 2012. Heterochrony on dinosaur evolution. In J. Farlow (ed.), The Complete Dinosaur, 2nd edition. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp.761–784.
Meaney, M. J. 2001. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24: 1161–1192.
PubMed Link
Mizutani, C. M. and E. Bier. 2008. EvoD/Vo: The origins of BMP signalling in the neuroectoderm. Nature Rev. Genet. 9: 663–677.
PubMed Link
Nagashima, H., F. Sugahara, M. Takechi, R. Ericsson, Y. Kawashima-Ohya, Y. Narita and S. Kuratani. 2009. Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science 325: 193–196.
PubMed Link
Newbold, R. R., E. P. Banks and W. N. Jefferson. 2006. Adverse effects of the model environmental estrogen diethylstilbestrol are transmitted to subsequent generations. Endocrinology 147[suppl.]: S11–S17.
PubMed Link
Newman, S. A. and G. B. Müller. 2005. Origination and innovation in the vertebrate limb skeleton: An epigenetic perspective. J. Exp. Zool. 304B: 593–609.
PubMed Link
Nijhout, H. F. 1984.Colour pattern modification by cold shock in Lepidoptera.J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 81: 287–305.
Ohno, S. 1970. Evolution by Gene Duplicaiton. Springre-Verlag, Berlin.
Oster, G. F., N. Shubin, J. D. Murray and P. Alberch. 1988. Evolution and morphogenetic rules: The shape of the vertebrate limb in ontogeny and phylogeny. Evolution 42: 862–884.
Otaki, J. M., A. Hiyama, M. Iwata and T. Kudo. 2010. Phenotypic plasticity in the range-margin population of the lycaenid butterfly Zizeeria maha. BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 252.
PubMed Link
Putnam, N. H. and 18 others. 2007. Sea anemone genome reveals ancestral eumetazoan gene repertoire and genomic organization. Science 317: 86–94.
PubMed Link
Raff, R. A. 1996. The Shape of Life: Genes, Development, and the Evolution of Animal Form. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Richardson, M. K. and A. D. Chipman. 2003. Developmental constraints in a comparative framework: A test case using variations in phalanx number during amniote evolution. J. Exp. Zool. (MDE) B 296: 8–22.
PubMed Link
Richardson, M. K. and H. H. Oelschläger. 2002.Time, pattern, and heterochrony: A study of hyperphalangy in the dolphin embryo flipper.Evol. Dev. 4: 435–444.
PubMed Link
Riedl, R. 1978. Order in Living Systems: A Systems Analysis of Evolution. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Rockman, M. V., M. W. Hahn, N. Soranzo, D. B. Goldstein and G. A. Wray. 2003. Positive selection on a human-specific transcription factor binding site regulating IL4 expression. Curr. Biol. 13: 2118–2123.
PubMed Link
Ronshaugen, M., N. McGinnis and W. McGinnis. 2002. Hox protein mutation and macroevolution of the insect body plan. Nature 415: 914–917.
PubMed Link
Rosenberg, E., O. Koren, L. Reshef, R. Efrony and I. Zilber-Rosenberg. 2007. The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease, and evolution. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 5:355–362.
PubMed Link
Ryan, J. F. and 6 others. 2007. Pre-bilaterian origins of the Hox cluster and the Hox code: Evidence from the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. PLoS One 2: e153.
PubMed Link
Schiedlmeier, B. and 10 others. 2007. HOXB4's road map to stem cell expansion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 16952–16957.
PubMed Link
Schlosser, G. and G. P. Wagner (eds.). 2004. Modularity in Developmental Evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Schmalhausen, I. I. 1949. Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Schneider, R. A. and J. A. Helms. 2003. The cellular and molecular origins of beak morphology. Science 299: 565–568.
PubMed Link
Sears, K. E. 2004. Constraints on the evolution of morphological evolution of marsupial shoulder girdles. Evolution 58: 2353–2370.
PubMed Link
Sears, K. E. 2008. Molecular determinants of bat wing development. Cells Tissues Organs 187: 6–12.
PubMed Link
Shapiro, A. M. 1976. Seasonal polyphenism. Evol. Biol. 9: 259–333.
Shapiro, M. D. and 7 others. 2004. Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks. Nature 428: 717–723.
PubMed Link
Shapiro, M. D., J. Hanken and N. Rosenthal. 2003. Developmental basis of evolutionary digit loss in the Australian lizard Hemiergis. J. Exp. Zool. 279B: 48–56.
PubMed Link
Shubin, N., C. Tabin and S. B. Carroll. 2009. Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty. Nature 457: 818–823.
PubMed Link
Shubin, N., C. Tabin and S. Carroll. 1997. Fossils, genes, and the evolution of animal limbs. Nature 388: 639–648.
PubMed Link
Smith, K. 2003. Time’s arrow: Heterochrony and the evolution of development. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 47: 613–621.
PubMed Link
Somel, M. and 13 others. 2009. Transcriptional neoteny in the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 5743–5748.
PubMed Link
Standfuss, M. 1896. Handbuch der palearctischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler. Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Stern, D. L. and V. Orgogozo. 2008. The loci of evolution: How predictable is genetic evolution? Evolution 62: 2155–2177.
PubMed Link
Strausfeld, N. J. and F. Hirth. 2013. Deep homology of arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia. Science 340: 157–161.
PubMed Link
Sucena, E. and D. Stern. 2000. Divergence of larval morphology between Drosophila sechellia and its sibling species caused by cis-regulatory evolution of ovo/shaven-baby. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 4530–4534.
PubMed Link
Suzuki, Y. and H. F. Nijhout. 2006. Evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation. Science 311: 650–652.
PubMed Link
Suzuki, Y. and H. F. Nijhout. 2007. Genetic basis of adaptive evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 57–66.
Link
Tomoyasu, Y., Y. Arakane, K. J. Kramer and R. E. Denell. 2009. Repeated co-options of exoskeleton formation during wing-to-elytron evolution in beetles. Curr. Biol. 19: 2057–2065.
PubMed Link
Tsuchida, T. and 7 others. 2010. Symbiotic bacterium modifies aphid body color. Science 330: 1102–1104.
PubMed Link
Turing, A. M. 1952. The chemical basis of morphology. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 237: 37–72.
Link
Twitty, V. C. and H. A. Elliott. 1934. The relative growth of the amphibian eye, studied by means of transplantation. J. Exp. Zool. 68: 247–291.
Twitty, V. C. and J. L. Schwind. 1931. The growth of eyes and limbs transplanted heteroplastically between two species of Amblystoma. J. Exp. Zool. 59: 61–86.
Tyler-Smith, C. and Y. Xue. 2012. Sibling rivalry among paralogs promotes evolution of the human brain. Cell 149: 737–739.
PubMed Link
Waddington, C. H. 1942. Canalization of development and the inheritence of acquired characters. Nature 150: 563.
Link
Waddington, C. H. 1953. Genetic assimilation of an acquired character. Evolution 7: 118–126.
Link
Waddington, C. H. 1956. Genetic assimilation of the Bithorax phenotype. Evolution 10: 1–13.
Link
Waddington, C. H. 1961. Genetic assimilation. Adv. Genet. 10: 257–290.
Wagner, G. P. 1996. Homologues, natural kinds, and the evolution of modularity. Am. Zool. 36: 36–43.
Link
Wake, D. B. and A. Larson. 1987. A multidimensional analysis of an evolving lineage. Science 238: 42–48.
Link
Wang, H. and 8 others. 2005.The origin of the naked grains of maize.Nature436: 714–719.
PubMed Link
Weatherbee, S. D., R. R. Behringer, J. J. Rasweiler 4th and L. A. Niswander. 2006. Interdigital webbing retention in bat wings illustrates genetic changes underlying amniote limb diversification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 15103–15107.
PubMed Link
Weiner, J. 1994. The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. Random House. New York.
West-Eberhard, M. J. 1989. Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 249–278.
West-Eberhard, M. J. 2003. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York.
Wu, D.-D., D. M. Irwin and Y. P. Zhang. 2011. De novo origin of human protein-coding genes. PLoS Genet. e1002379
PubMed Link
Wu, P., T. X. Jiang, S. Suksaweang, R. B. Widelitz and C. M. Chuong. 2004. Molecular shaping of the beak. Science 305: 1465–1466.
PubMed Link
Yamamoto, Y., M. S. Byerly, W. R. Jackman and W. R. Jeffery. 2009. Pleiotropic functions of embryonic sonic hedgehog expression link jaw and taste bud amplification with eye loss during cavefish evolution. Dev. Biol. 330: 200–211.
PubMed Link
Yu, J. K. and 7 others.2007. Axial patterning in cephalochordates and the evolution of the organizer.Nature 445: 613–617.
PubMed Link
Zuckerkandl, E. 1994. Molecular pathways to parallel evolution. I. Gene nexuses and their morphological correlates. J. Mol. Evol. 39: 661–678.
PubMed Link