Chapter 20 The Endoderm: Tubes and Organs for Digestion and Respiration

Literature Cited

Ahlgren, U., J. Jonsson and H. Edlund. 1996. The morphogenesis of the pancreatic mesenchyme is uncoupled from that of the pancreatic epithelium in IPF/PDX1-deficient mice. Development 122: 1409–1416.
PubMed Link

Apelqvist, A., U. Ahlgren and H. Edlund. 1997. Sonic hedgehog directs specialised mesoderm differentiation in the intestine and pancreas. Curr. Biol. 7: 801–804.
PubMed Link

Bayha, E., M. C. Jørgensen, P. Serup and A. Grapin-Botton. 2009. Retinoic acid signaling organizes endodermal organ specification along the entire antero-posterior axis. PLoS One 4: e5845. 
PubMed Link

Bossard, P. and K. S. Zaret. 2000. Repressive and restrictive mesodermal interactions with gut endoderm: Possible relation to Meckel's diverticulum. Development 127: 4915–4923.
PubMed Link

Buczacki, S. J. and 6 others. 2013. Intestinal label-retaining cells are secretory precursors expressing Lgr5. Nature 495: 65–69.
PubMed Link

Burlison, J. S., Q. Long, Y. Fujitani, C. V. Wright and M. A. Magnuson. 2008. Pdx-1 and Ptf1a concurrently determine fate specification of pancreatic multipotent progenitor cells. Dev. Biol. 316: 74–86.
PubMed Link

Carlson, B. M. 1981. Patten’s Foundations of Embryology. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Clotman, F. and 8 others. 2005. Control of liver cell fate decision by a gradient of TGF beta signaling modulated by Onecut transcription factors. Genes Dev. 19: 1849–1854.
PubMed Link

Crump, J. G., L. Maves, N. D. Lawson, B. M. Weinstein and C. B. Kimmel. 2004. An essential role for Fgfs in endoderm pouch formation influences later craniofacial skeletal patterning. Development 131: 5703–5716.
PubMed Link

DeLeve, L. D. 2013. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and liver regeneration. J. Clin. Invest. 123: 1861–1866.
PubMed Link

Dhawan, S., S. Georgia, S. I. Tschen, G. Fan and A. Bhushan. 2011.  Pancreatic β cell identity is maintained by DNA methylation-mediated repression of Arx. Dev. Cell 20: 419–429.
PubMed Link

Ding, B. S. and 12 others. 2010. Inductive angiocrine signals from sinusoidal endothelium are required for liver regeneration. Nature 468: 310–315.
PubMed Link

Dong, P. D., E. Provost, S. D. Leach and D. Y. Stainier. 2008. Graded levels of Ptf1a differentially regulate endocrine and exocrine fates in the developing pancreas. Genes Dev. 22: 1445–1450.
PubMed Link

Dunn, N. R., S. D. Vincent, L. Oxburgh, E. J. Robertson and E. K. Bikoff. 2004. Combinatorial activities of Smad2 and Smad3 regulate mesoderm formation and patterning in the mouse embryo. Development 131: 1717–1728.
PubMed Link

Fishman, M. P. and D. A. Melton. 2002. Pancreatic lineage analysis using a retroviral vector in embryonic mice demonstrates a common progenitor for endocrine and exocrine cells. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 46: 201–207.
PubMed Link

Franklin, V., P. L. Khoo, H. Bildsoe, N. Wong, S. Lewis and P. P. Tam. 2008. Regionalisation of the endoderm progenitors and morphogenesis of the gut portals of the mouse embryo. Mech. Dev. 125: 587–600.
PubMed Link

Fukumachi, H. and S. Takayama. 1980. Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in differentiation of duodenal epithelium of fetal rats in organ culture. Experientia36: 335–336.
PubMed Link

Goldman, O. and 6 others. 2014. Endoderm generates endothelial cells during liver development. Stem Cell Reports 3: 556–565.
PubMed Link

Gordillo, M., T. Evans and V. Gouon-Evans. 2015. Orchestrating liver development. Development 142: 2094–2108.
PubMed Link

Goss, A. M. and 7 others. 2009. Wnt2/2b and b-catenin signaling are necessary and sufficient to specify lung progenitors in the foregut. Dev. Cell 17: 290–298.
PubMed Link

Grapin-Botton, A., A. R. Majithia and D. A. Melton. 2001. Key events of pancreas formation are triggered in gut endoderm by ectopic expression of pancreatic regulatory genes. Genes Dev. 15: 444–454.
PubMed Link

Gualdi, R., P. Bossard, M. Zheng, Y. Hamada, J. R. Coleman and K. S. Zaret. 1996. Hepatic specification of the gut endoderm in vitro: Cell signaling and transcriptional control. Genes Dev. 10: 1670–1682.
PubMed Link

Gumpel-Pinot, M., S. Yasugi and T. Mizuno. 1978. Différenciation d’épithéliums endodermiques associaés au mésoderme splanchnique. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci.(Paris) 286: 117–120.
PubMed Link

Harris-Johnson, K. S., E. T. Domyan, C. M. Vezina and X. Sun. 2009. b-Catenin promotes respiratory progenitor identity in mouse foregut. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 16287–16292.
PubMed Link

Hebrok, M., S. Kim and D. A. Melton. 1998. Notochord repression of endodermal sonic hedgehog permits pancreas development. Genes Dev. 12: 1705–1713.
PubMed Link

Henry, G. L. and D. A. Melton. 1998. Mixer, a homeobox gene required for endoderm development. Science 281: 91–96.
PubMed Link

Hirai, H., T. Tani and N. Kikyo . 2010. Structure and functions of powerful transactivators: VP16, MyoD and FoxA. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54: 1589–1596
PubMed Link

Horb, M. E., C. N. Shen, D. Tosh and J. M. Slack. 2003. Experimental conversion of liver to pancreas. Curr. Biol. 13: 105–115.
PubMed Link

Hu, J. and 12 others. 2014. Endothelial cell-derived angiopoietin-2 controls liver regeneration as a spatiotemporal rheostat. Science 343: 416–419.
PubMed Link

Hudson, C., D. Clements, R. V. Friday, D. Stott and H. R. Woodland. 1997. Xsox17-a and -b mediate endoderm formation in XenopusCell 91: 397–405.
PubMed Link

Jonnson, J., L. Carlsson, T. Edlund and H. Edlund. 1994. Insulin-promote-factor 1 is required for pancreas development in mice. Nature 371: 606–609.
PubMed Link

Jung, J., M. Zheng, M. Goldfarb and K. S. Zaret. 1999. Initiation of mammalian liver development from endoderm by fibroblast growth factors. Science 284: 1998–2003.
PubMed Link

Kanai-Azuma, M. and  10 others. 2002. Depletion of definitive gut endoderm in Sox17-null mutant mice. Development 129: 2367–2379.
PubMed Link

Kedinger, M., P. M. Simon-Assman, F. Bouziges, C. Arnold, E. Alexandre and K. Haffen. 1990. Smooth muscle actin expression during rat gut development and induction in fetal skin fibroblastic cells associated with intestinal embryonic epithelium. Differentiation 43: 87–97.
PubMed Link

Kim, B.-M., G. Buchner, I. Miletich, P. T. Sharpe and R. A. Shivdasani. 2005. The stomach mesenchymal transcription factor Barx1 specifies gastric epithelial identity through inhibition of transient Wnt signaling. Dev. Cell 8: 611–622.
PubMed Link

Kwon, G. S., M. Viotti and A. K. Hadjantonakis. 2008. The endoderm of the mouse embryo arises by dynamic widespread intercalation of embryonic and extraembryonic lineages. Dev. Cell. 15: 509–520.
PubMed Link

Lammert, E., O. Cleaver and D. A. Melton. 2001. Induction of pancreatic differentiation by signals from blood vessels. Science 294: 564–567.
PubMed Link

Langman, J. 1981. Medical Embryology, 4th Ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

Lawson, K. A., J. J. Meneses and R. A. Pedersen. 1986. Cell fate and cell lineage in the endoderm of the presomite mouse embryo, studied with an intracellular tracer. Dev. Biol. 115: 325–339.
PubMed Link

Le Douarin, N. 1975. An experimental analysis of liver development. Med. Biol.53: 427–455.

Lee, C. D., J. R. Friedman, J. T. Fulmer and K. H. Kaestner. 2005. The initiation of liver development is dependent on Foxa transcription factors. Nature 435: 944–947.
PubMed Link

Lorent, K. and 13 others. 2015. Identification of a plant isoflavonoid that causes biliary atresia. Science Transl. Med. 7: 286ra67.
PubMed Link

Matsumoto, K., H. Yoshitomi, J. Rossant and K. S. Zaret. 2001. Liver organogenesis promoted by endothelial cells prior to vascular function. Science294: 559–563.
PubMed Link

McLin, V. A., S. A. Rankin and A. M. Zorn. 2007. Repression of Wnt/b-catenin signaling in the anterior endoderm is essential for liver and pancreas development. Development 134: 2207–2217.
PubMed Link

Montalbano, A. P., S. Hawgood and C. R. Mendelson. 2013. Mice deficient in surfactant protein A (SP-A) and SP-D or in TLR2 manifest delayed parturition and decreased expression of inflammatory and contractile genes. Endocrinology154: 483-–498.
PubMed Link

Moore-Scott, B. A. and N. R. Manley. 2005. Differential expression of sonic hedgehog along the anterior-posterior axis regulates patterning of pharyngeal pouch endoderm and pharyngeal endoderm-derived organs. Dev. Biol. 278: 323–335. 
PubMed Link

Ober, E. A., H. Verkade, H. A. Field and D. Y. Stainier. 2006. Mesodermal Wnt2b signalling positively regulates liver specification. Nature 442: 688–691.

Odom, D. T. and 12 others. 2004. Control of pancreas and liver gene expression by HNF transcription factors. Science 303: 1378–1381.
PubMed Link

Offield, M. F. and 7 others. 1996. PDX-1 is required for pancreatic outgrowth and differentiation of the rostral duodenum. Development 122: 983–995.
PubMed Link

Okada, T. S. 1960. Epithelio-mesenchymal interactions in the regional differentiation of the digestive tract in the amphibian embryo. Roux Arch. Entwick. Mech. 152: 1–21.

Pagliuca, F. W. and 8 others. 2014. Generation of functional human pancreatic beta cells in vitro. Cell 159: 428–439.
PubMed Link

Pardo-Saganta, A. and 7 others. 2015. Parent stem cells can serve as niches for their daughter cells. Nature 523: 597–601.
PubMed Link

Parviz, F. and 9 others. 2003. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a controls the development of the hepatic diverticulum and liver morphogenesis. Nature Genet. 34: 292–296.
PubMed Link

Rezania, A. and 12 others. 2014. Reversal of diabetes with insulin-producing cells derived in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells. Nature Biotechnol. 32: 1121–1133.
PubMed Link

Roberts, D. J., D. M. Smith, D. J. Goff and C. J. Tabin. 1998. Epithelial-mesenchymal signaling during the regionalization of the chick gut. Development125: 2791–2801.
PubMed Link

Roberts, D. J., R. L. Johnson, A. C. Burke, C. E. Nelson, B. A. Morgan and C. Tabin. 1995. Sonic hedgehog is an endodermal signal inducing Bmp-4 and Hox genes during induction and regionalization of the chick hindgut. Development121: 3163–3174.
PubMed Link

Rothova, M., M. Thompson, H. Lickert and A. S. Tucker. 2012. Lineage tracing of the endoderm during oral development. Dev. Dyn. 241:1183–1191.
PubMed Link

Sadler, T. W. 2009. Langman’s Medical Embryology. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Hagerstown, MD.

Savin, T. and 6 others. 2011. On the growth and form of the gut. Nature 476: 57–62.
PubMed Link

Schmidt, C. and 7 others. 1995. Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor is essential for liver development. Nature 373: 699–702.
PubMed Link

Shannon, J. M., L. D. Nielsen, S. A. Gebb and S. H. Randell. 1998. Mesenchyme specifies epithelial differentiation in reciprocal recombinants of embryonic lung and trachea. Dev. Dynam. 212: 482–494.
PubMed Link

Sherwood, R. I., R. Maehr, E. O. Mazzoni and D. A. Melton. 2011. Wnt signaling specifies and patterns intestinal endoderm. Mech. Dev. 128: 387–400.
PubMed Link

Shyer, A. E. and 7 others. 2013. Villification: How the gut gets its villi. Science 342: 212–218.
PubMed Link

Shyer, A. E., T. R. Huycke, C. Lee, L. Mahadevan and C. J. Tabin. 2015. Bending gradients: How the intestinal stem cell gets its home. Cell 161: 569–580.
PubMed Link

Stange, D. E. and 14 others. 2013. Differentiated Troy+ chief cells act as reserve stem cells to generate all lineages of the stomach epithelium. Cell 155: 357–368.
PubMed Link

Stringer, E. J. and 13 others. 2012. Cdx2 determines the fate of postnatal intestinal endoderm. Development 139: 465–474.
PubMed Link

Takayama, K. and 8 others. 2011. Efficient and directive generation of two distinct endoderm lineages from human ESCs and iPSCs by differentiation stage-specific SOX17 transduction. PLoS One 6(7): e21780.
PubMed Link

Tata, P. R. and 11 others. 2013. Dedifferentiation of committed epithelial cells into stem cells in vivo. Nature 503: 218–223.
PubMed Link

Theodosiou, A. and C. J. Tabin. 2005. Sox9 and Nkx2.5 determine the pyloric sphincter epithelium under the control of BMP signaling. Dev. Biol. 279: 481–490. 
PubMed Link

Tremblay, K. D. and K. S. Zaret. 2005. Distinct populations of endoderm cells converge to generate the embryonic liver bud and ventral foregut tissues. Dev. Biol. 280: 87–99. 
PubMed Link

Uemura, M. and 6 others. 2015. Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in posteroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite-stage embryos. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 77: 587–591.
PubMed Link

Vincent, S. D., N. R. Dunn, S. Hayashi, D. P. Norris and E. J. Robertson. 2003. Cell fate decisions within the mouse organizer are governed by graded Nodal signals. Genes Dev. 17: 1646–1662.
PubMed Link

Viotti, M., A. C. Foley and A. K. Hadjantonakis. 2014a. Gutsy moves in mice: Cellular and molecular dynamics of endoderm morphogenesis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 369: pii 20130547.
PubMed Link

Viotti, M., S. Nowotschin and A. K. Hadjantonakis AK. 2014b. SOX17 links gut endoderm morphogenesis and germ layer segregation. Nature Cell Biol. 16: 1146–1156.

Wallace, K. N. and M. Pack. 2003. Unique and conserved aspects of gut development in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 255: 12–29.
PubMed Link

Wessells, N. K. 1970. Mammalian lung development: Interactions in formulation and morphogenesis of tracheal buds. J. Exp. Zool. 175: 455–466.
PubMed Link

Woo, J., I. Miletich, B.-M. Kim, P. T. Sharpe and R. A. Shivdasani. 2011. Barx1-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling in the mouse thoracic foregut controls tracheo-esophageal septation and epithelial differentiation. PLoS One 6(7): e22493.
PubMed Link

Xu, C. R., P. A. Cole, D. J. Meyers, J. Kormish, S. Dent and K. S. Zaret. 2011. Chromatin "prepattern" and histone modifiers in a fate choice for liver and pancreas. Science 332: 963–966.
PubMed Link

Yokouchi, Y., J. Sakiyama and A. Kuroiwa. 1995. Coordinate expression of Abd-B subfamily genes of the HoxA cluster in developing digestive tract of the chick embryo. Dev. Biol. 169: 76–89.
PubMed Link

Yoshitomi, H. and K. S. Zaret. 2004. Endothelial cell interactions initiate dorsal pancreas development by selectively inducing transcription factor Ptf1a.Development 131: 807–814.
PubMed Link

Zaret, K. S. 2016. From endoderm to liver bud: Paradigms of cell type specification and tissue morphogenesis. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 117: 647–669.
PubMed Link

Zhang, W., T. A. Yatskievych, R. K. Baker and P. B. Antin. 2004. Regulation of Hex gene expression and initial stages of avian hepatogenesis by BMP and FGF signaling. Dev. Biol. 268: 312–326.
PubMed Link

Zhou, Q., A. C. Law, J. Rajagopal, W. J. Anderson, P. A. Gray and D. A. Melton. 2007. A multipotent progenitor domain guides pancreatic organogenesis. Dev. Cell 13: 103–114.
PubMed Link

Zhou, Y. and 12 others. 2011. Latent TGF-b binding protein 3 identifies a second heart field in zebrafish. Nature 474: 645–648.
PubMed Link