Agassiz, A. and C. O. Whitman. 1884. On the development of some pelagic fish eggs—Preliminary notice. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 20: 23–75.
Link
Agathon, A., C. Thisse and B. Thisse. 2003. The molecular nature of the zebrafish tail organizer. Nature 424: 448–452.
PubMed Link
Agius, E., M. Oelgeschläger, O. Wessely, C. Kemp and E. M. De Robertis. 2000. Endodermal Nodal-related signals and mesoderm induction in Xenopus. Development 127: 1173–1183.
PubMed Link
Akkers, R. C. and 6 others. 2009. A hierarchy of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 acquisition in spatial gene regulation in Xenopus embryos. Dev. Cell 17: 425–434.
PubMed Link
Ancel, P. and P. Vintenberger. 1948. Recherches sur le determinisme de la symmetrie bilatérale dans l’oeuf des amphibiens. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg. [Suppl.] 31: 1–182.
Appel, T. A. 1987. The Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate: French Biology in the Decades before Darwin. Oxford University Press, New York.
Armon, R. 2012. Between biochemists and embryologists: The biochemical study of embryonic induction in the 1930s. J. Hist. Biol. 45: 65–108.
PubMed Link
Bïjtel, J. H. 1931. Über die Entwicklung des Schwanzes bei Amphibien. Wilhelm Roux Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Org. 125: 448–486.
Bae, S, C. D. Reid and D. S. Kessler. 2011. Siamois and Twin are redundant and essential in formation of the Spemann organizer. Dev. Biol. 352: 367–381.
PubMed Link
Beams, H. W. and R. G. Kessel. 1976. Cytokinesis: A comparative study of cytoplasmic division in animal cells. Am. Sci. 64: 279–290.
PubMed Link
Beetschen, J. C. 2001. Amphibian gastrulation: History and evolution of a 125-year-old concept. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45: 771–795.
PubMed Link
Behrndt, M. and 7 others. 2012. Forces driving epithelial spreading in zebrafish gastrulation. Science 338: 257–260.
PubMed Link
Beloussov, L. V., N. N. Luchinskaya, A. S. Ermakov and N. S. Glagoleva. 2006. Gastrulation in amphibian embryos, regarded as a succession of biomechanical feedback events. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 50: 113–122.
PubMed Link
Bier, E. and E. M. De Robertis. 2015. BMP gradients: A paradigm for morphogen-mediated developmental patterning. Science 348:aaa5838.
PubMed Link
Birsoy, B., M. Kofron, K. Schaible, C. Wylie and J. Heasman. 2006. Vg 1 is an essential signaling molecule in Xenopus development. Development 133: 15–20.
PubMed Link
Blader, P. and U. Strähle 1998. Ethanol impairs migration of the prechordal plate in the zebrafish embryo. Dev. Biol. 201: 185–201.
PubMed Link
Blitz, I. L. and K. W. Y. Cho. 1995. Anterior neurectoderm is progressively induced during gastrulation: The role of the Xenopus homeobox geneorthodenticle. Development 121: 993–1004.
PubMed Link
Blum, M., T. Beyer, T. Weber, P. Vick, P. Andre, E. Bitzer and A. Schweickert. 2009. Xenopus, an ideal model system to study vertebrate left-right asymmetry.Dev. Dyn. 238: 1215–1225.
PubMed Link
Boucaut, J.-C., T. D’Arribère, T. J. Poole, H. Aoyama, K. M. Yamada and J.-P. Thiery. 1984. Biologically active synthetic peptides as probes of embryonic development: A competitive peptide inhibition of fibronectin function inhibits gastrulation in amphibian embryos and neural crest cell migration in avian embryos. J. Cell Biol. 99: 1822–1830.
PubMed Link
Bouwmeester, T., S.-H. Kim, Y. Sasai, B. Lu and E. M. De Robertis. 1996. Cerberus is a head-inducing secreted factor expressed in the anterior endoderm of Spemann’s organizer. Nature 382: 595–601.
PubMed Link
Bradbury, J. 2004. Small fish, big science. PLoS Biology 2: e148.
PubMed Link
Brannon, M. and D. Kimelman. 1996. Activation of siamois by the Wnt pathway.Dev. Biol. 180: 344–347.
PubMed Link
Braukmann, S. and S. F. Gilbert. 2005. Sucking in the gut: A history of early gastrulation research. In C. D. Stern (ed.), Gastrulation: From Cells to Embryo.Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 1–20.
Brunet, T. and 16 others. 2013. Evolutionary conservation of early mesoderm specification by mechanotransduction in Bilateria. Nature Commun 4: 2821.
PubMed Link
Caneparo, L., P. Pantazis , W. Dempsey, S. E. Fraser. 2011. Intercellular bridges in vertebrate gastrulation. PLoS One 6(5): e20230.
PubMed Link
Capuron, A. 1968. Marquage autoradiographique et conditions de l’organogenèse générale d’embryons induits par de la greffe de la lèvre dorsale du blastopore chez l’amphibien urodèle Pleurodeles waltii Michah. Ann. Embryol. Morphol. 1: 271–293.
Carmany-Rampey, A. and A. F. Schier. 2001. Single-cell internalization during zebrafish gastrulation. Curr. Biol. 11: 1261–1265.
PubMed Link
Carnac, G., L. Kodjabachian, J. B. Gurdon and P. Lemaire. 1996. The homeobox gene Siamois is a target of the Wnt dorsalisation pathway and triggers organiser activity in the absence of mesoderm. Development 122: 3055–3065.
PubMed Link
Carron, C. and D. L. Shi. 2016. Specification of anterioposterior axis by combinatorial signaling during Xenopus development. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Dev. Biol. 5: 150–168.
Carvalho, L. and C. P. Heisenberg. 2010. The yolk syncytial layer in early zebrafish development. Trends Cell Biol. 20: 586–592.
PubMed Link
Cha, B. J. and D. L. Gard. 1999. XMAP230 is required for the organization of cortical microtubules and patterning of the dorsoventral axis in fertilizedXenopus eggs. Dev. Biol. 205: 275–286.
PubMed Link
Chakravarti, D. and 7 others. 1996. Role of CBP/P300 in nuclear receptor signalling. Nature 383: 99–103.
PubMed Link
Chang, J. B. and J. E. Ferrell, Jr. 2013. Mitotic trigger waves and the spatial coordination of the Xenopus cell cycle. Nature 500: 603–607.
PubMed Link
Chea, H. K., C. V. Wright and B. J. Swalla. 2005. Nodal signaling and the evolution of deuterostome gastrulation. Dev. Dyn. 234: 269–278.
PubMed Link
Chen, Y. P., L. Huang and M. Solursh. 1994. A concentration gradient of retinoids in the early Xenopus laevis embryo. Dev. Biol. 161: 70–76.
PubMed Link
Cho, K. W. and E. M. De Robertis. 1990. Differential activation of Xenopushomeobox genes by mesoderm-inducing growth factors and retinoic acid. Genes Dev. 4: 1910–1916.
PubMed Link
Cho, K.W.Y. 2012. Enhancers. WIRES Dev. Biol. 1: 469–478.
PubMed Link
Chu, L. T., S. H. Fong, I. Kondrychyn, S. L. Loh, Z. Ye, and V. Korzh. 2012. Yolk syncytial layer formation is a failure of cytokinesis mediated by Rock1 function in the early zebrafish embryo. Biol Open 1: 747–753.
PubMed Link
Cooper, M. S. and L. A. D’Amico. 1996. A cluster of noninvoluting endocytic cells at the margin of the zebrafish blastoderm marks the site of embryonic shield formation. Dev. Biol. 180: 184–198.
PubMed Link
Cuykendall, T. N. and D. W. Houston. 2009. Vegetally localized Xenopus trim36 regulates cortical rotation and dorsal axis formation. Development 136: 3057–3065.
PubMed Link
Dale, L. and J. M. W. Slack. 1987. Regional specificity within the mesoderm of early embryos of Xenopus laevis. Development 100: 279–295.
PubMed Link
Dal-Pra, S., M. Fürthauer, J. Van-Celst, B. Thisse and C. Thisse. 2006. Noggin1 and Follistatin-like2 function redundantly to Chordin to antagonize BMP activity.Dev. Biol. 298: 514–526.
PubMed Link
Davidson, L. A., B. D. Dzamba, R. Keller and D. W. DeSimone. 2008. Live imaging of cell protrusive activity, and extracellular matrix assembly and remodeling during morphogenesis in the frog, Xenopus laevis. Dev. Dyn. 237: 2684–2692.
PubMed Link
De Robertis, E. M. and J Aréchaga (eds.). 2001. The Spemann-Mangold organizer: 75 Years On. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45 (1) (Special Issue).
De Robertis, E. M. and Y. Moriyama. 2016. The chordin morphogenetic pathway. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 116: 231–246.
PubMed Link
De Robertis, E. M., J. Larraín, M. Oelgeschläger and O. Wessley. 2000. The establishment of Spemann’s organizer and patterning of the vertebrate embryo.Nature Rev. Genet. 1: 171–181.
PubMed Link
Dobbs-McAuliffe, B., Q. Zhao and E. Linney. 2004. Feedback mechanisms regulate retinoic acid production and degradation in the zebrafish embryo. Mech. Dev. 121: 339–350.
PubMed Link
Domingos, P. M., N. Itasaki, C. M. Jones, S. Mercurio, M. G. Sargent, J. C. Smith and R. Krumlauf. 2001. The Wnt/b-catenin pathway posteriorizes neural tissue in Xenopus by an indirect mechanism requiring FGF signalling. Dev. Biol.239: 148–160.
PubMed Link
Dosch, R., D. S. Wagner, K. A. Mintzer, G. Runke, A. P. Wiemelt and M. C. Mullins. 2004. Maternal control of vertebrate development before the midblastula transition: mutants from the zebrafish I. Dev. Cell 6: 771–780.
PubMed Link
Dosch, R., V. Gawantka, H. Delius, C. Blumenstock and C. Niehrs. 1997. BMP-4 acts as a morphogen in dorsolateral mesoderm patterning in Xenopus.Development 124: 2325–2334.
PubMed Link
Driever, W. 1995. Axis formation in zebrafish. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5: 610–618.
PubMed Link
Driever, W. and 11 others. 1996. A genetic screen for mutations affecting development in zebrafish. Development 123: 37–46.
PubMed Link
Du, S., B. W. Draper, M. Mione, C. B. Moens and A. Bruce. 2012. Differential regulation of epiboly initiation and progression by zebrafish Eomesodermin A.Dev. Biol. 362: 11–23.
PubMed Link
Dumortier, J. G., S. Martin, D. Meyer, F. M. Rosa and N. B. David. 2012. Collective mesendoderm migration relies on an intrinsic directionality signal transmitted through cell contacts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 16945–16950.
PubMed Link
Dupé, V. and A. Lumsden. 2001. Hindbrain patterning involves graded responses to retinoic acid signalling. Development 128: 2199–2208.
PubMed Link
Durston, A. J., H. J. Jansen and S. A. Wacker. 2010a. Time-space translation: A developmental principle. ScientificWorld 10: 2207–2214.
Link
Durston, A. J., H. J. Jansen and S. A. Wacker. 2010b. Time-space translation regulates trunk axial patterning in the early vertebrate embryo. Genomics 95: 250–255.
PubMed Link
Eivers, E., K. McCarthy, C. Glynn, C. M. Nolan and L. Byrnes. 2004. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is required for early dorso-anterior development of the zebrafish embryo. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48: 1131–1140.
PubMed Link
Elinson, R. P. and B. Rowning. 1988. A transient array of parallel microtubules in frog eggs: Potential tracks for a cytoplasmic rotation that specifies the dorso-ventral axis. Dev. Biol. 128: 185–197.
PubMed Link
Engleka, M. J. and D. S. Kessler. 2001. Siamois cooperates with TGFb signals to induce the complete function of the Spemann-Mangold organizer. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45: 241–250.
PubMed Link
Essner, J. J., J. D. Amack, M. K. Nyholm, E. B. Harris and H. J. Yost. 2005. Kupffer’s vesicle is a ciliated organ of asymmetry in the zebrafish embryo that initiates left-right development of the brain, heart and gut. Development 132: 1247–1260.
PubMed Link
Essner, J. J., K. J. Vogan, M. K. Wagner, C. J. Tabin, H. J. Yost and M. Brueckner. 2002. Conserved function for embryonic nodal cilia. Nature 418: 37–38.
PubMed Link
Fässler, P. E. and K. Sander. 1996. Hilde Mangold (1898–1924) and Spemann’s organizer: Achievement and tragedy. Wilhelm Roux Arch. Dev. Biol. 205: 323–332.
Fürthauer, M., J. van Celst, C. Thisse and B. Thisse. 2004. FGF signaling controls the dorsoventral patterning of the zebrafish embryo. Development 131: 2853–2864.
PubMed Link
Fan, M. J. and S. Y. Sokol. 1997. A role for Siamois in Spemann organizer formation. Development 124: 2581–2589.
PubMed Link
Fauny, J. D., B. Thisse and C. Thisse. 2009. The entire zebrafish blastula-gastrula margin acts as an organizer dependent on the ratio of Nodal to BMP activity. Development 136: 3811–3819.
PubMed Link
Fluck, R. A., K. L. Krok, B. A. Bast, S. E. Michaud and C. E. Kim. 1998. Gravity influences the position of the dorsoventral axis in medaka fish embryos (Oryzias latipes). Dev. Growth Diff. 40: 509–518.
PubMed Link
Fukazawa C. and 6 others. 2010. poky/chuk/ikk1 is required for differentiation of the zebrafish embryonic epidermis. Dev. Biol. 346: 272–283.
PubMed Link
Fukuda, M. and 7 others. 2010. Zygotic VegT is required for Xenopus paraxial mesoderm formation and is regulated by Nodal signaling and Eomesodermin. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54: 81–92.
PubMed Link
Funayama, N., F. Fagotto, P. McCrea and B. M. Gumbiner. 1995. Embryonic axis induction by the armadillo repeat domain of b-catenin: Evidence for intracellular signalling. J. Cell Biol. 128: 959–968.
PubMed Link
Gawantka, V., H. Delius, K. Hirschfeld, C. Blumenstock and C. Niehrs. 1995. Antagonizing the Spemann organizer: Role of the homeobox gene Xvent-1.EMBO J. 14: 6268–6279.
PubMed Link
Genikhovich, G. and 8 others. 2015. Axis patterning by BMPs: Cnidarian network reveals evolutionary constraints. Cell Reports 10 :1646–1654.
PubMed Link
Gerhart, J. C., M. Danilchik, T. Doniach, S. Roberts, B. Rowning and R. Stewart. 1989. Cortical rotation of the Xenopus egg: Consequences for the anteroposterior pattern of embryonic dorsal development. Development [Suppl.] 107: S37–S51.
PubMed Link
Germain, S., M. Howell, G. M. Esslemont and C. S. Hill. 2000. Homeodomain and winged-helix transcription factors recruit activated Smads to distinct promoter elements via a common Smad interaction motif. Genes Dev. 14: 435–451.
PubMed Link
Gilbert, S. F. and L. Saxén. 1993. Spemann’s organizer: Models and molecules.Mech. Dev. 41: 73–89.
PubMed Link
Gimlich, R. L. 1985. Cytoplasmic localization and chordamesoderm induction in the frog embryo. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 89: 89–111.
PubMed Link
Gimlich, R. L. 1986. Acquisition of developmental autonomy in the equatorial region of the Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol. 115: 340–352.
PubMed Link
Gimlich, R. L. and J. C. Gerhart. 1984. Early cellular interactions promote embryonic axis formation in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 104: 117–130.
PubMed Link
Glinka, A., W. Wu, A. P. Monaghan, C. Blumenstock and C. Niehrs. 1998. Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature 391: 357–362.
PubMed Link
Glinka, A., W. Wu, D. Onichtchouk, C. Blumenstock and C. Niehrs. 1997. Head induction by simultaneous repression of BMP and Wnt signalling in Xenopus. Nature 389: 517–519.
PubMed Link
Godsave, S. F. and J. M. W. Slack. 1989. Clonal analysis of mesoderm induction in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 134: 486–490.
PubMed Link
Gont, L. K., H. Steinbeisser, B. Blumberg and E. M. De Robertis. 1993. Tail formation as a continuation of gastrulation: The multiple cell populations of the Xenopus tailbud derive from the late blastopore lip. Development 119: 991–1004.
PubMed Link
Gonzales, A. P. and J. R. Yeh. 2014. Cas9-based genome editing in zebrafish. Methods Enzymol. 546:377–413.
PubMed Link
Goto, T., L. Davidson, M. Asashima and R. Keller. 2005. Planar cell polarity genes regulate polarized extracellular matrix deposition during frog gastrulation.Curr. Biol. 15: 787–793.
PubMed Link
Granato, M. and C. Nüsslein-Volhard. 1996. Fishing for genes controlling development. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 6: 461–468.
PubMed Link
Gritsman, K., W. S. Talbot and A. F. Schier. 2000. Nodal signaling patterns the organizer. Development 127: 921–932.
PubMed Link
Grunz, H. 1997. Neural induction in amphibians. Curr. Topics Dev. Biol. 35: 191–228.
PubMed Link
Grunz, H. and L. Tacke. 1989. Neural differentiation of Xenopus laevis ectoderm takes place after disaggregation and delayed reaggregation without inducers.Cell Diff. Dev. 28: 211–217.
PubMed Link
Guger, K. A. and B. M. Gumbiner. 1995. b-Catenin has wnt-like activity and mimics the Nieuwkoop signaling center in Xenopus dorsal-ventral patterning.Dev. Biol. 172: 115–125.
PubMed Link
Haffter, P. and 16 others. 1996. The identification of genes with unique and essential functions in the development of the zebrafish, Danio rerio.Development 123: 1–36.
PubMed Link
Hamburger, V. 1984. Hilde Mangold, co-discoverer of the organizer. J. Hist. Biol.17: 1–11.
PubMed Link
Hamburger, V. 1988. The Heritage of Experimental Embryology: Hans Spemann and the organizer. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Hardin, J. D. and R. Keller. 1988. The behaviour and function of bottle cells during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. Development 103: 211–230.
PubMed Link
Hawley, S. H. B., K. Wünnenberg-Stapleton, C. Hashimoto, M. N. Laurent, T. Watabe, B. W. Blumberg and K. W. Y. Cho. 1995. Disruption of BMP signals in embryonic Xenopus ectoderm leads to direct neural induction. Genes Dev. 9: 2923–2935.
PubMed Link
He, X., J.-P. Saint-Jeannet, J. R. Woodgett, H. E. Varmus and I. B. Dawid. 1995. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus embryos.Nature 374: 617–622.
PubMed Link
Heasman, J. and 8 others. 1994a. Overexpression of cadherins and underexpression of b-catenin inhibit dorsal mesoderm induction in early Xenopusembryos. Cell 79: 791–803.
PubMed Link
Heasman, J., D. Ginsberg, K. Goldstone, T. Pratt, C. Yoshidanaro and C. Wylie. 1994b. A functional test for maternally inherited cadherin in Xenopus shows its importance in cell adhesion at the blastula stage. Development 120: 49–57.
PubMed Link
Helde, K. A., E. T. Wilson, C. J. Cretekos and D. J. Grunwald. 1994. Contribution of early cells to the fate map of the zebrafish gastrula. Science 265: 517–520.
PubMed Link
Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. and D. A. Melton. 1992. A truncated activin receptor inhibits mesoderm induction and formation of axial structures in Xenopusembryos. Nature 359: 609–614.
PubMed Link
Hemmati-Brivanlou A. and D. A. Melton. 1997. Vertebrate embryonic cells will become nerve cells unless told otherwise. Cell 88: 13–17.
PubMed Link
Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. and D. A. Melton. 1994. Inhibition of activin signaling promotes neuralization in Xenopus. Cell 77: 273–281.
PubMed Link
Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. and G. H. Thomsen. 1995. Ventral mesodermal patterning in Xenopus embryos: Expression patterns and activities of BMP-2 and BMP-4. Dev. Genet. 17: 78–89.
PubMed Link
Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. and G. H. Thomsen. 1995. Ventral mesodermal patterning in Xenopus embryos: Expression patterns and activities of BMP-2 and BMP-4. Genesis doi: 10.1002/dvg.1020170109.
Link
Ho, R. K. 1992. Axis formation in the embryo of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Sem. Dev. Biol. 3: 53–64.
Holley, S. A., P. D. Jackson, Y. Sasai, B. Lu, E. M. De Robertis, F. M. Hoffmann and E. L. Ferguson. 1995. A conserved system for dorsal-ventral patterning in insects and vertebrates involving sog and chordin. Nature 376: 249–253.
PubMed Link
Holowacz, T. and R. P. Elinson. 1993. Cortical cytoplasm, which induces dorsal axis formation in Xenopus, is inactivated by UV irradiation of the oocyte. Development 119: 277–285.
PubMed Link
Holowacz, T. and S. Sokol. 1999. FGF is required for posterior patterning but not for neural induction. Dev. Biol. 205: 296–308.
PubMed Link
Holtfreter, H. 1933. Die totale Exogastrulation, eine Selbststablösung des Ektoderms von Entomesoderm. Entwicklung und funktionelles Verhalten nervenloser Organe. Arch. Entwick. Mech. Org. 129: 669–793.
Hontelez, S. and 6 others. 2015. Embryonic transcription is controlled by maternally defined chromatin state. Nature Commun. 6: 10148.
PubMed Link
Houliston, E. and R. P. Elinson. 1991. Evidence for the involvement of microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum, and kinesin in cortical rotation of fertilized frog eggs. J. Cell Biol. 114: 1017–1028.
PubMed Link
Hurtado, C. and E. M. De Robertis. 2007. Neural induction in the absence of organizer in salamanders is mediated by MAPK. Dev. Biol. 307: 282–289.
PubMed Link
Ibrahim, H. and R. Winklbauer. 2001. Mechanisms of mesendoderm internalization in Xenopus gastrula: Lessons from the ventral side. Dev. Biol.240: 108–122.
PubMed Link
Iemura, S.-I. and 7 others. 1998. Direct binding of follistatin to a complex of bone morphogenetic protein and its receptor inhibits ventral and epidermal cell fates in early Xenopus embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9337–9342.
PubMed Link
Janesick, A. and 7 others. 2014. Active repression by RARg signaling is required for vertebrate axial elongation. Development 141: 2260–2270.
PubMed Link
Kane, D. A. and C. B. Kimmel. 1993. The zebrafish midblastula transition.Development 119: 447–456.
PubMed Link
Keller, P. J., A. D. Schmidt, J. Wittbrodt and E. H. K. Stelzer. 2008. Reconstruction of zebrafish early embryonic development by scanned light sheet microscopy. Science 322: 1065–1069.
PubMed Link
Keller, R. and M. Danilchik. 1988. Regional expression, pattern and timing of convergence and extension during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. Development103: 193–209.
PubMed Link
Keller, R. E. 1975. Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis. I. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the superficial layer. Dev. Biol. 42: 222–241.
PubMed Link
Keller, R. E. 1976. Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis. II. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the deep layer.Dev. Biol. 51: 118–137.
PubMed Link
Keller, R. E. 1980. The cellular basis of epiboly: An SEM study of deep-cell rearrangement during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 60: 201–234.
PubMed Link
Keller, R. E. 1981. An experimental analysis of the role of bottle cells and the deep marginal zone in the gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Zool. 216: 81–101.
PubMed Link
Keller, R. E. 1986. The cellular basis of amphibian gastrulation. In L. Browder (ed.), Developmental Biology: A Comprehensive Synthesis, Vol. 2. Plenum, New York, pp. 241–327.
Keller, R. E. and G. C. Schoenwolf. 1977. An SEM study of cellular morphology, contact, and arrangement as related to gastrulation in Xenopus laevis. Wilhelm Roux Arch. Dev. Biol. 182: 165–186.
Kelly, G. M., D. F. Erezyilmaz and R. T. Moon. 1995. Induction of a secondary embryonic axis in zebrafish occurs following the overexpression of b-catenin.Mech. Dev. 53: 261–273.
PubMed Link
Kessler, D. S. 1997. Siamois is required for formation of Spemann’s organizer.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 13017–13022.
PubMed Link
Khokha, M. K., J. Yeh, T. C. Grammer and R. M. Harland. 2005. Depletion of three BMP antagonists from Spemann’s organizer leads to catastrophic loss of dorsal structures. Dev. Cell 8: 401–411.
PubMed Link
Kiecker, C. and C. Niehrs. 2001. A morphogen gradient of Wnt/b-catenin signalling regulates anteroposterior neural patterning in Xenopus. Development128: 4189–4201.
PubMed Link
Kim, S.-H., A. Yamamoto, T. Bouwmeester, E. Agius and E. M. De Robertis. 1998. The role of paraxial protocadherin in selective adhesion and cell movements of the mesoderm during Xenopus gastrulation. Development 125: 4681–4691.
PubMed Link
Kimmel, C. B. and R. D. Law. 1985. Cell lineage of zebrafish blastomeres. II. Formation of the yolk syncytial layer. Dev. Biol. 108: 86–93.
PubMed Link
Kimmel, C. B. and R. M. Warga. 1987. Indeterminate cell lineage of the zebrafish embryo. Dev. Biol. 124: 269–280.
PubMed Link
Kishimoto, Y., S. Koshita, M. Furutani-Seiki and H. Kondoh. 2004. Zebrafish maternal-effect mutations causing cytokinesis defect without affecting mitosis or equatorial vasa deposition. Mech. Dev. 121: 79–89.
PubMed Link
Klein, S.L. and S. A. Moody. 2015. Early neural ectodermal genes are activated by Siamois and Twin during blastula stages. Genesis 53: 308–320.
PubMed Link
Kofron, M. and 9 others. 1999.Mesoderm induction in Xenopus is a zygotic event regulated by maternal VegT via TGFb growth factors.Development 126: 5759 –5770.
PubMed Link
Kolm, P. J., V. Apekin and H. Sive. 1997. Xenopus hindbrain patterning requires retinoic signaling. Dev. Biol. 192: 1–16.
PubMed Link
Kornikova, E. S, E. G. Korvin-Pavlovskaya and L. V. Beloussov. 2009. Relocations of cell convergence sites and formation of pharyngula-like shapes in mechanically relaxed Xenopus embryos. Dev. Genes Evol. 219: 1–10.
PubMed Link
Koshida, S., M. Shinya, T. Mizuno, A. Kuroiwa and H. Takeda. 1998. Initial anteroposterior pattern of zebrafish central nervous system is determined by differential competence of the epiblast. Development 125: 1957–1966.
PubMed Link
Ku, M. and D. A. Melton. 1993. Xwnt-11: A maternally expressed Xenopus wntgene. Development 119: 1161–1173.
PubMed Link
Kudoh, T., M. L. Concha, C. Houart, I. B. Dawid and S. W. Wilson. 2004. Combinatorial FGF and BMP signalling patterns the gastrula ectoderm into prospective neural and epidermal domains. Development 131: 3581–3592.
PubMed Link
Kudoh, T., S. W. Wilson and I. B. Dawid. 2002. Distinct roles for FGF, Wnt, and retinoic acid in posteriorizing the neural ectoderm. Development 129: 4335–4346.
PubMed Link
Kuroda, H., M. Inui, K. Sugimoto, T. Hayata and M. Asashima. 2002. Axial protocadherin is a mediator of prenotochord cell sorting in Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 244: 267–277.
PubMed Link
Landström, U. and S. Løvtrup. 1979. Fate maps and cell differentiation in the amphibian embryo: An experimental study. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 54: 113–130.
PubMed Link
Lane, M. C. and W. C. Smith. 1999. The origins of primitive blood in Xenopus:Implications for axial patterning. Development 126: 423–434.
PubMed Link
Langdon, Y. G. and M. C. Mullins. 2011. Maternal and zygotic control of zebrafish dorsoventral axial patterning. Annu. Rev. Genet. 45: 357–377.
PubMed Link
Langeland, J. and C. B. Kimmel. 1997. The embryology of fish. In S. F. Gilbert and A. M. Raunio (eds.), Embryology: Constructing the Organism. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp. 383–407.
Larabell, C. A. and 7 others. 1997. Establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis inXenopus embryos is presaged by early asymmetries in b-catenin which are modulated by the Wnt signaling pathway. J. Cell Biol. 136: 1123–1136.
PubMed Link
Laurent, M. N., I. L. Blitz, C. Hashimoto, U. Rothbächer and K. W.-Y. Cho. 1997. The Xenopus homeobox gene twin mediates Wnt induction of goosecoid in establishment of Spemann’s organizer. Development 124: 4905–4916.
PubMed Link
Lee, K. W., S. E. Webb and A. L. Miller. 2003. Ca2+ released via IP3 receptors is required for furrow deepening during cytokinesis in zebrafish embryos. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 47: 411–421.
PubMed Link
Lemaire, P., N. Garrett and J. B. Gurdon. 1995. Expression cloning of Siamois, aXenopus homeobox gene expressed in dorsal-vegetal cells of blastulae and able to induce a complete secondary axis. Cell 81: 85–94.
PubMed Link
Lepage, S. E. and A. E. Bruce. 2010. Zebrafish epiboly: Mechanics and mechanisms. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 54: 1213–1228.
PubMed Link
Leung, C., S. E. Webb and A. L. Miller. 1998. Calcium transients accompany ooplasmic segregation in zebrafish embryos. Dev. Growth Diff. 40: 313–326.
PubMed Link
Leung, C., S. E. Webb and A. L. Miller. 2000. On the mechanism of ooplasmic segregation in single-cell zebrafish embryos. Dev. Growth Diff. 42: 29–40.
PubMed Link
Leyns, L., T. Bouwmeester, S.-H. Kim, S. Piccolo and E. M. De Robertis. 1997. Frzb-1 is a secreted antagonist of Wnt signaling expressed in the Spemann organizer. Cell 88: 747–756.
PubMed Link
Little, S. C. and M. C. Mullins. 2006. Extracellular modulation of BMP activity in patterning the dorsoventral axis. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 78: 224–242.
PubMed Link
Lobikin M. and 6 others. 2012. Early, nonciliary role for microtubule proteins in left-right patterning is conserved across kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:12586–12591.
PubMed Link
Long, S., N. Ahmad and M. Rebagliati. 2003. The zebrafish nodal-related genesouthpaw is required for visceral and diencephalic left-right asymmetry.Development 130: 2303–2316.
PubMed Link
Lu, F. I., C. Thisse and B. Thisse. 2011. Identification and mechanism of regulation of the zebrafish dorsal determinant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108:15876–15880.
PubMed Link
Manes, M. E. and R. P. Elinson. 1980. Ultraviolet light inhibits gray crescent formation in the frog egg. Wilhelm Roux Arch. Dev. Biol. 189: 73–77.
Mangold, O. 1933. Über die Induktionsfahigkeit der verschiedenen Bezirke der Neurula von Urodelen. Naturwissenschaften 21: 761–766.
Mao, B. and 11 others. 2002. Kremen proteins are Dickkopf receptors that regulate Wnt/b-catenin signalling. Nature 417: 664–667.
PubMed Link
Mao, B., W. Wu, D. Hoppe, P. Stannek, A. Glinka and C. Niehrs. 2001. LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Nature 411: 321–325.
PubMed Link
Marsden, M. and D. W. DeSimone. 2001. Regulation of cell polarity, radial intercalation, and epiboly in Xenopus: Novel roles for integrin and fibronectin.Development 128: 3635–3647.
PubMed Link
Miller, J. R., B. A. Rowning, C. A. Larabell, J. A. Yang-Snyder, R. L. Bates and R. T. Moon. 1999. Establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in Xenopus embryos coincides with the dorsal enrichment of Disheveled that is dependent on cortical rotation. J. Cell Biol. 146: 427–437.
PubMed Link
Molenaar, M. and 8 others. 1996. XTcf-3 transcription factor mediates b-catenin-induced axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 86: 391–399.
PubMed Link
Moody, S. A., S. L. Klein, B. A. Karpinski, T. M. Maynard, and A. S. Lamantia. 2013. On becoming neural: What the embryo can tell us about differentiating neural stem cells. Am. J. Stem Cells 2: 74–94.
PubMed Link
Moon, R. T. and D. Kimelman. 1998. From cortical rotation to organizer gene expression: Toward a molecular explanation of axis specification in Xenopus.BioEssays 20: 536–545.
PubMed Link
Moosmann, J. and 8 others. 2013. X-ray phase-contrast in vivo microtomography probes new aspects of Xenopus gastrulation. Nature 497: 574–377.
PubMed Link
Mudbhary, R. and K. C. Sadler. 2011. Epigenetics, development, and cancer: Zebrafish make their mark. Birth Defects Res. C: Embryol. Today 93: 194–203.
PubMed Link
Nakamura, O. and H. Takasaki. 1970. Further studies on the differentiation capacity of the dorsal marginal zone in the morula of Triturus pyrrhogaster.Proc. Jpn. Acad. 46: 700–705.
Newman, C. S. and P. A. Krieg. 1999. Specification and differentiation of the heart in amphibia. In S. A. Moody (ed.), Cell Lineage and Fate Determination. Academic Press, New York, pp. 341–351.
Newport, J. W. and M. W. Kirschner. 1982a. A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: I. Characterization and timing of cellular changes at midblastula stage. Cell 30: 675–686.
PubMed Link
Newport, J. W. and M. W. Kirschner. 1982b. A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos. II. Control of the onset of transcription. Cell 30: 687–696.
PubMed Link
Niehrs, C. 2004. Regionally specific induction by the Spemann-Mangold organizer. Nature Rev. Genet. 5: 425–434.
PubMed Link
Nieuwkoop, P. D. 1969. The formation of the mesoderm in urodele amphibians. I. Induction by the endoderm. Wilhelm Roux Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Org. 162: 341–373.
Nieuwkoop, P. D. 1973. The “organisation center” of the amphibian embryo: Its origin, spatial organisation and morphogenetic action. Adv. Morphogenet. 10: 1–39.
PubMed Link
Nieuwkoop, P. D. 1977. Origin and establishment of embryonic polar axes in amphibian development. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 11: 115–132.
PubMed Link
Nieuwkoop, P. D. and P. A. Florschütz. 1950. Quelques caractèrer spéciaux de le gastrulation et de la neurulation de l’oeuf de Xenopus laevis, Daud. et de quelques autres anoures. Arch. Biol. 61: 113–150.
Northrop, J., A. Woods, R. Seger, A. Suzuki, N. Ueno, E. Krebs and D. Kimelman. 1995. BMP-4 regulates the dorsal-ventral differences in FGF/MAPK-mediated mesoderm induction in Xenopus. Dev Biol. 172: 242–252.
PubMed Link
Oelgeschläger, M., H. Kuroda, B. Reversade and E. M. De Robertis. 2003. Chordin is required for the Spemann organizer transplantation phenomenon inXenopus embryos. Dev. Cell 4: 219–230.
PubMed Link
Okada, Y., S. Tanaka, Y. Tanaka, J.-C. Belmonte and N. Hirokawa. 2005. Mechanism of nodal flow: A conserved breaking event in left-right axis determination. Cell 121: 633–644.
PubMed Link
Onuma, Y., S. Takahashi, C. Yokota and M. Asashima. 2002. Multiple nodal-related genes act coordinately in Xenopus embryogenesis. Dev. Biol. 241: 94–105.
PubMed Link
Oppenheimer, J. M. 1936. Transplantation experiments on developing teleosts (Fundulus and Perca). J. Exp. Zool. 72: 409–437.
Ossipova, O., C. W. Chu, J. Fillatre, B. K. Brott, K. Itoh, and S. Y. Sokol. 2015. The involvement of PCP proteins in radial cell intercalations during Xenopus embryonic development. Dev. Biol. 408: 316–327.
PubMed Link
Papan, C., B. Boulat. S. Velan, S. E. Fraser, and R. E. Jacobs. 2007. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional time-lapse microscopic magnetic resonance imaging of Xenopus gastrulation movements using intrinsic tissue-specific contrast. Dev. Dynam. 236: 494–501.
PubMed Link
Pézeron, G., P. Mourrain, S. Courty, J. Ghislain, T. S. Becker, F. M. Rosa and N. B. David. 2008. Live analysis of endodermal layer formation identifies random walk as a novel gastrulation movement. Curr. Biol. 18: 276–281.
PubMed Link
Pera, E. M., O. Wessely, S.-S. Li and E. M. De Robertis. 2001. Neural and head induction by insulin-like growth factor signals. Dev. Cell 1: 655–665.
PubMed Link
Pera, E. M., H. Acosta, N. Gouignard, M. Climent and I. Arregi. 2014. Active signals, gradient formation, and regional specificity in neural induction. Exp. Cell Res. 321: 25–31.
PubMed Link
Petersen, C. P. and P. W. Reddien. 2009. Wnt signaling and the polarity of the primary body axis. Cell 139: 1056–1068.
PubMed Link
Piccolo, S. 2013. Mechanics in the embryo. Nature 504: 223–225.
PubMed Link
Piccolo, S., E. Agius, L. Leyns, S. Bhattacharyya, H. Grunz, T. Bouwmeester and E. M. DeRobertis. 1999. The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP, and Wnt signals. Nature 397: 707–710.
PubMed Link
Piccolo, S., Y. Sasai, B. Lu and E. M. De Robertis. 1996. Dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus: Inhibition of ventral signals by direct binding of chordin to BMP-4.Cell 86: 589–598.
PubMed Link
Pierce, S. B. and D. Kimelman. 1995. Regulation of Spemann organizer formation by the intracellular kinase Xgsk-3. Development 121: 755–765.
PubMed Link
Rankin, S. A., J. Kormish, M. Kofron, A. Jegga and A. M. Zorn. 2011. A gene regulatory network controlling hhex transcription in the anterior endoderm of the organizer. Dev. Biol. 351: 297–310.
PubMed Link
Rebagliati, M. R., R. Toyama, C. Fricke, P. Haffter and I. B. Dawid. 1998. Zebrafish nodal-related genes are implicated in axial patterning and establishing left-right asymmetry. Dev. Biol. 199: 261–272.
PubMed Link
Recanzone, G. and W. A. Harris. 1985. Demonstration of neural induction using nuclear markers in Xenopus. Wilhelm Roux Arch. Dev. Biol. 194: 344–354.
Reversade, B. and E. M. De Robertis. 2005. Regulation of ADMP and BMP2/4/7 at opposite embryonic poles generates a self-regulating morphogenetic field.Cell 123: 1147–1160.
PubMed Link
Reversade, B., H. Kuroda, H. Lee, A. Mays, and E. M. De Robertis. 2005. Depletion of BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7 and Spemann organizer signals induces massive brain formation in Xenopus embryos. Development 132: 3381–3392.
PubMed Link
Rex, M., E. Hilton and R. Old. 2002. Multiple interactions between maternally-activated signaling pathway control Xenopus nodal-related genes. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 46: 217–226.
PubMed Link
Richard-Parpaillon, L., C. Héligon, F. Chesnel, D. Boujard and A. Philpott. 2002. The IGF pathway regulates head formation by inhibiting Wnt signaling inXenopus. Dev. Biol. 244: 407–417.
PubMed Link
Rogers, C. D., S. A. Moody and E. S. Casey. 2009. Neural induction and factors that stabilize a neural fate. Birth Defects Res. C: Embryol. Today 87: 249–262.
PubMed Link
Roux, W. 1887. Beiträge zur Entwicklungsmechanik des Embryo. Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. 29: 157–212.
Rozario, T., B. Dzamba, G. F. Weber, L. A. Davidson and D. W. DeSimone. 2009. The physical state of fibronectin matrix differentially regulates morphogenetic movements in vivo. Dev. Biol. 327: 386–398.
PubMed Link
Ryan, A. K. and 14 others. 1998. Pitx2 determines left-right asymmetry of internal organs in vertebrates. Nature 394: 545–551.
PubMed Link
Saka, Y. and J. C. Smith. 2001. Spatial and temporal patterns of cell division during early Xenopus embryogenesis. Dev. Biol. 229: 307–318.
PubMed Link
Sampath, K. and 8 others. 1998. Induction of the zebrafish ventral brain and floorplate requires cyclops/nodal signalling. Nature 395: 185–189.
PubMed Link
Sander, K. and P. E. Faessler. 2001. Introducing the Spemann-Mangold organizer: Experiments and insights that generated a key concept in developmental biology. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45: 1–11.
PubMed Link
Sasai, Y., B. Lu, H. Steinbeisser, D. Geissert, L. K. Gont and E. M. De Robertis. 1994. Xenopus chordin: A novel dorsalizing factor activated by organizer-specific homeobox genes. Cell 79: 779–790.
PubMed Link
Sato, S. M. and T. D. Sargent. 1989. Development of neural inducing capacity in dissociated Xenopus embryos. Dev. Biol. 134: 263–266.
PubMed Link
Saxén, L. 1961. Transfilter neural induction of amphibian ectoderm. Dev. Biol.3: 140–152.
PubMed Link
Saxén, L. 2001. Spemann’s heritage in Finnish developmental biology. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45: 51–55.
PubMed Link
Saxén, L. and S. Toivonen. 1962. Embryonic Induction. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Schier, A. F. 2001. Axis formation and patterning in zebrafish. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11: 393–404.
PubMed Link
Schier, A. F. and W. S. Talbot. 1998. The zebrafish organizer. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8: 464–471.
PubMed Link
Schier, A. F., S. C. Neuhauss, K. A. Held, W. S. Talbot and W. Driever. 1997 The one eyed pinhead gene functions in mesoderm and endoderm formation in zebrafish and interacts with no tail. Development 124: 327–342.
PubMed Link
Schmitz, B. and J. A. Campos-Ortega. 1994. Dorso-ventral polarity of the zebrafish embryo is distinguishable prior to the onset of gastrulation. Wilhelm Roux Arch. Dev. Biol. 203: 374–380.
Schneider, S., H. Steinbeisser, R. M. Warga and P. Hausen. 1996. b-catenin translocation into nuclei demarcates the dorsalizing centers in frog and fish embryos. Mech. Dev. 57: 191–198.
PubMed Link
Schroeder, K. E., M. L. Condic, L. M. Eisenberg and H. J. Yost. 1999. Spatially regulated translation in embryos: Asymmetric expression of maternal Wnt-11 along the dorsal-ventral axis in Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 214: 288–297.
PubMed Link
Schweickert, A., T. Weber, T. Beyer, P. Vick, S. Bogusch, K. Feistel and M. Blum. 2007. Cilia-driven leftward flow determines laterality in Xenopus. Curr. Biol. 17: 60–66.
PubMed Link
Shimizu, T. and 8 others. 2005. E-cadherin is required for gastrulation cell movements in zebrafish. Mech. Dev. 122: 747–763.
PubMed Link
Shimizu, T., Y. K. Bae, O. Muraoka and M. Hibi. 2005b. Interaction of Wnt and caudal-related genes in zebrafish posterior body formation. Dev. Biol. 279: 125–141.
PubMed Link
Shindo, A. and J. B. Wallingford. 2014. PCP and septins compartmentalize cortical actomyosin to direct collective cell movement. Science 343: 649–652.
PubMed Link
Shinya, M., M. Furutani-Seiki, A. Kuroiwa and H. Takeda. 1999. Mosaic analysis with oep mutant reveals a repressive interaction between floor-plate and non-floor-plate mutant cells in the zebrafish neural tube. Dev. Growth Diff. 41: 135–142.
PubMed Link
Shiotsugu, J. and 7 others. 2004. Multiple points of interaction between retinoic acid and FGF signaling during embryonic axis formation. Development 131: 2653–2667.
PubMed Link
Siddiqui, M., H. Sheikh, C. Tran, A. E. Bruce. 2010. The tight junction component Claudin E is required for zebrafish epiboly. Dev. Dyn. 239: 715–722.
PubMed Link
Silva, A. C., M. Filipe, K.-M. Kuerner, H. Steinbeisser and J. A. Belo. 2003. Endogenous Cerberus activity is required for anterior head specification inXenopus. Development 130: 4943–4953.
PubMed Link
Sive, H. L. and P. F. Cheng. 1991. Retinoic acid perturbs the expression ofXhox.lab genes and alters mesodermal determination in Xenopus laevis. Genes Dev. 5: 1321–1332.
PubMed Link
Skirkanich, J., G. Luxardi, J. Yang, L. Kodjabachian and P. S. Klein. 2011. An essential role for transcription before the MBT in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 357: 478–491.
PubMed Link
Smith, J. C. and J. M. W. Slack. 1983. Dorsalization and neural induction: Properties of the organizer in Xenopus laevis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 78: 299–317.
Smith, W. C. and R. M. Harland. 1992. Expression cloning of noggin, a new dorsalizing factor localized to the Spemann organizer in Xenopus embryos. Cell70: 829–840.
PubMed Link
Smith, W. C., A. K. Knecht, M. Wu and R. M. Harland. 1993. Secreted noggin mimics the Spemann organizer in dorsalizing Xenopus mesoderm. Nature 361: 547–549.
PubMed Link
Smithers, L. E., C. M. Jones. 2002. Xhex-expressing endodermal tissues are essential for anterior patterning in Xenopus. Mech. Dev. 119: 191–200.
PubMed Link
Solnica-Krezel, L. and W. Driever. 1994. Microtubule arrays of the zebrafish yolk cell: Organization and function during epiboly. Development 120: 2443–2455.
PubMed Link
Solnica-Krezel, L. and W. Driever. 2001. The role of the homeodomain protein Bozozok in zebrafish axis formation. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45: 299–310.
PubMed Link
Spemann, H. 1938. Embryonic Development and Induction. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Spofford, W. R. 1945. Observations on the posterior part of the neural plate inAmbystoma. J. Exp. Zool. 99: 35–52.
Stancheva, I., O. El-Maarri, J. Walter, A. Niveleau and R. R. Meehan. 2002. DNA methylation at promoter regions regulates the timing of gene activation inXenopus laevis embryos. Dev. Biol. 243: 155–165.
PubMed Link
Steinbeisser, H., A. Fainsod, C. Niehrs, Y. Sasai and E. M. De Robertis. 1995. The role of gsc and BMP-4 in dorsal-ventral patterning of the marginal zone inXenopus: A loss-of-function study using antisense RNA. EMBO J. 14: 5230–5243.
PubMed Link
Strahle, U. and S. Jesuthasan. 1993. Ultraviolet irradiation impairs epiboly in zebrafish embryos: Evidence for a microtubule-dependent mechanism of epiboly. Development 119: 909–919.
PubMed Link
Sun, Z., A. Amsterdam, G. J. Pazour, D. G. Cole, M. S. Miller and N. Hopkins. 2004. A genetic screen in zebrafish identifies cilia genes as a principle cause of cystic kidney. Development 131: 4085–4093.
Tao, Q. and 9 others. 2005. Maternal wnt11 activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway required for axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 120: 857–871.
PubMed Link
Taverner, N. V. and 8 others. 2005. Microarray-based identification of VegT targets in Xenopus. Mech. Dev. 122: 333–354.
PubMed Link
Thisse, B. and C. Thisse. 2015. Formation of the vertebrate embryo: Moving beyond the Spemann organizer. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 42:94–102.
PubMed Link
Thisse, B., C. V. Wright and C. Thisse. 2000. Activin- and Nodal-related factors control antero-posterior patterning of the zebrafish embryo. Nature 403: 425–28.
Toivonen, S. 1979. Transmission problem in primary induction. Differentiation15: 177–181.
PubMed Link
Toivonen, S. and J. Wartiovaara. 1976. Mechanism of cell interaction during primary induction studied in transfilter experiments. Differentiation 5: 61–66.
PubMed Link
Toivonen, S. and L. Saxén. 1955. The simultaneous inducing action of liver and bone marrow of the guinea pig in implantation and explantation experiments with embryos of Triturus. Exp. Cell Res. [Suppl.] 3: 346–357.
PubMed Link
Toivonen, S. and L. Saxen 1968. Morphogenetic interaction of presumptive neural and mesodermal cells mixed in different ratios. Science 159: 539–540.
PubMed Link
Toivonen, S., D. Tarin, L. Saxén, P. J. Tarin and J. Wartiovaara. 1975. Transfilter studies on neural induction in the newt. Differentiation 4: 1–7.
PubMed Link
Trinkaus, J. P. 1984. Mechanisms of Fundulus epiboly: A current view. Am. Zool.24: 673–688.
Trinkaus, J. P. 1992. The midblastula transition, the YSL transition, and the onset of gastrulation in Fundulus. Development [Suppl.] 1992: 75–80.
PubMed Link
Trinkaus, J. P. 1993. The yolk syncitial layer of Fundulus: Its origin and history and its significance for early embryogenesis. J. Exp. Zool. 265: 258–284.
PubMed Link
Tsang, M., S. Maegawa, A. Kiang, R. Habas, E. Weinberg and I. B. Dawid. 2004. A role for MKP3 in axial patterning of the zebrafish embryo. Development 131: 2769–2779.
PubMed Link
Tucker, A. S. and J. M. Slack. 1995. Tail bud determination in the vertebrate embryo. Curr. Biol. 5: 807–813.
PubMed Link
Tucker, J. A., K. A. Mintzer and M. C. Mullins. 2008. The BMP signaling gradient patterns dorsoventral tissues in a temporally progressive manner along the anteroposterior axis. Dev. Cell 14: 108–119.
PubMed Link
Twitty, V. C. 1966. Of Scientists and Salamanders. Freeman, San Francisco.
Valles, J. M., Jr., S. R. Wasserman, C. Schweidenback, J. Edwardson, J. M. Denegre and K. L. Mowry. 2002. Processes that occur before second cleavage determine third cleavage orientation in Xenopus. Exp. Cell Res. 274: 112–118.
PubMed Link
Varshney, G. K., R. Sood and S. M. Burgess. 2015. Understanding and editing the zebrafish genome. Adv. Genet. 92: 1–52.
PubMed Link
Vervenne, H. B. and 7 others. 2008. Lpp is involved in Wnt/PCP signaling and acts together with Scrib to mediate convergence and extension movements during zebrafish gastrulation. Dev. Biol. 320: 267–277.
PubMed Link
Vincent, J. P., G. F. Oster and J. C. Gerhart. 1986. Kinematics of gray crescent formation in Xenopus eggs: The displacement of subcortical cytoplasm relative to the egg surface. Dev. Biol. 113: 484–500.
PubMed Link
Vorwald-Denholtz, P. P. and E. M. De Robertis. 2011. Temporal pattern of the posterior expression of Wingless in Drosophila blastoderm. Gene Expr. Patterns 11: 456–463.
PubMed Link
Wacker, S. A., C. L. McNulty, A. J. Durston. 2004. The initiation of Hox gene expression in Xenopus laevis is controlled by Brachyury and BMP4. Dev. Biol.266: 123–137.
PubMed Link
Walentek, P., I. Schneider, A. Schweickert, and M. Blum. 2013. Wnt11b is involved in cilia-mediated symmetry breakage during Xenopus left-right development. PLoS One 8:e73646.
PubMed Link
Wallingford, J. B., A. J. Ewald, R. M. Harland and S. E. Fraser. 2001. Calcium signaling during convergent extension in Xenopus. Curr. Biol. 11: 652–661.
PubMed Link
Wang, S., M. Krinks, K. Lin, F. P. Luyten and M. Moos, Jr. 1997. Frzb, a secreted protein expressed in the Spemann organizer, binds and inhibits Wnt-8. Cell 88: 757–766.
PubMed Link
Warga, R. M. and C. B. Kimmel. 1990. Cell movements during epiboly and gastrulation in zebrafish. Development 108: 569–580.
PubMed Link
Weaver C. and 9 others. 2003. GBP binds kinesin light chains and translocates during cortical rotation in Xenopus eggs. Development 130: 5425–5436.
PubMed Link
Weaver, C. and D. Kimelman. 2004. Move it or lose it: Axis specification in Xenopus. Development 131: 3491–3499.
PubMed Link
Wessely, O., J. I. Kim, D. Geissert, U. Tran and E. M. De Robertis. 2004 Analysis of Spemann organizer formation in Xenopus embryos by cDNA macroarrays. Dev. Biol. 269: 552–566.
PubMed Link
White, J. A. and J. Heasman. 2008. Maternal control of pattern formation in Xenopus laevis. J. Exp. Zool. (MDE) 310B: 73–84.
PubMed Link
White, R. J., Q. Nie, A. D. Lander and T. F. Schilling. 2007. Complex regulation of cyp26a1 creates a robust retinoic acid gradient in the zebrafish embryo. PLoS Biol. Nov. 5(11): e304.
PubMed Link
Wilson, P. A. and A. Hemmati-Brivanlou. 1995. Induction of epidermis and inhibition of neural fate by BMP-4. Nature 376: 331–333.
PubMed Link
Wilson, P. and R. Keller. 1991. Cell rearrangement during gastrulation of Xenopus: Direct observation of cultured explants. Development 112: 289–300.
PubMed Link
Winklbauer, R. and E. W. Damm. 2011. Internalizing the vegetal cell mass before and during amphibian gastrulation: Vegetal rotation and related movements. WIREs Dev. Biol. doi:10.1002/wdev.26.
PubMed Link
Winklbauer, R. and M. Schürfeld. 1999. Vegetal rotation, a new gastrulation movement involved in the internalization of the mesoderm and endoderm in Xenopus. Development 126: 3703–3713.
PubMed Link
Xu, P. F., N. Houssin, K. F. Ferri-Lagneau, B. Thisse and C. Thisse. 2014. Construction of a vertebrate embryo from two opposing morphogen gradients. Science 344: 87–89.
PubMed Link
Xu, S., F. Cheng, J. Liang, W. Wu and J. Zhang. 2012. Maternal xNorrin, a canonical Wnt signaling agonist and TGF-b antagonist, controls early neuroectoderm specification in Xenopus. PLoS Biol. 10(3):e1001286.
PubMed Link
Yang, J., C. Tan, R. S. Darken, P. A. Wilson and P. S. Klein. 2002. b-Catenin/Tcf-regulated transcription prior to the midblastula transition.Development 129: 5743–5752.
PubMed Link
Yao, J and D. S. Kessler. 2001. Goosecoid promotes head organizer activity by direct repression of Xwnt8 in Spemann’s organizer. Development 128: 2975–2987.
PubMed Link
Yost, C., M. Torres, J. R. Miller, E. Huang, D. Kimelman and R. T. Moon. 1996. The axis-inducing ability, stability, and subcellular localization of b-catenin are regulated in Xenopus embryos by glycogen synthase kinase-3. Genes Dev. 10: 1443–1454.
PubMed Link
Zhang, J., D. W. Houston, M. L. King, C. Payne, C. Wylie and J. Heasman. 1998. The role of maternal VegT in establishing the primary germ layers inXenopus embryos. Cell 94: 515–524.
PubMed Link
Zhang, X. and 11 others. 2012. Tiki1 is required for head formation via Wnt cleavage-oxidation and inactivation. Cell 149: 1565–1577.
PubMed Link
Zhang, X., and 8 others. 2015. Notum is required for neural and head induction via Wnt deacylation, oxidation, and inactivation. Dev Cell 32: 719–730.
Zhong, T. P., S. Childs, J. P. Leu and M. C. Fishman. 2001. Gridlock signalling pathway fashions the first embryonic artery. Nature 414: 216–220.
PubMed Link
Zimmerman, L. B., J. M. de Jesús-Escobar and R. M. Harland. 1996. The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenesis protein 4. Cell 86: 599–606.
PubMed Link